This qualitative screening resulted in 20 papers published from 2001 to April 2020 that met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. These included 17 cross-sectional, 2 mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, and 1 RCT. The total sample included 171,802 participants (93,257 females and 77,410 males) with 157,778 meat consumers and 13,259 meat abstainers. Three studies included only females (Baines, Powers, and Brown
2007; Lindeman
2002; Stokes, Gordon, and DiVasta
2011) and one study included only males (Hibbeln et al.
2018). Eight studies included samples from the
U.S. or North America (Beezhold et al.
2015; Beezhold and Johnston
2012; Beezhold, Johnston, and Daigle
2010; Forestell and Nezlek
2018; Jin et al.
2021; Perry et al.
2001; Stokes, Gordon, and DiVasta
2011; Timko, Hormes, and Chubski
2012), eleven were from
non-U.S. countries (e.g., Europe, Asia, and Oceania) (Baines, Powers, and Brown
2007; Baş, Karabudak, and Kiziltan
2005; Goh et al.
2019; Hessler-Kaufmann et al.
2020; Hibbeln et al.
2018; Kapoor et al.
2017; Lindeman
2002; Matta et al.
2018; Michalak, Zhang, and Jacobi
2012; Paslakis et al.
2020; Velten et al.
2018), and one study included samples from
multinational-cohorts (Lavallee et al.
2019). The sample sizes ranged from 38 to 90,380 participants between 11 and 105 years of age.
