An entire Herculaneum scroll has been read for the first time
PHerc. 1667, sealed since the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, has been virtually unwrapped and read from beginning to end — without ever being opened.
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Article: PHerc. 1667, sealed since the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 AD, has been virtually unwrapped and read from beginning to end.
June 25th, 2026
Read the preprint: Complete virtual unwrapping and reading of a rolled Herculaneum papyrus (PDF). The data is openly available at scrollprize.org/data, and the code on GitHub.
For almost 2,000 years, the carbonized library of Herculaneum has kept a cruel bargain: its scrolls survived the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, but only by becoming too fragile to open. To read one was to destroy it. Hundreds of rolls have therefore remained sealed, their contents preserved yet unreachable.
Today that changes. We have completely virtually unwrapped and read PHerc. 1667 — the scroll the Vesuvius Challenge community knows as Scroll 4 — without ever touching its pages. It is the first Herculaneum papyrus to be digitally unrolled and read in full, end to end, and made available for sustained scholarly study.
From a sealed lump to a readable book
PHerc. 1667 began as a blackened, rolled mass of carbonized papyrus. To read it, we never unrolled it physically. Instead, we scanned it with high-resolution X-rays, reconstructed the wound sheet inside the volume, flattened it into a readable surface, and used machine learning to bring out the faint traces of ancient ink.
Three sealed scrolls, three milestones
The work reaches beyond a single scroll. Alongside the complete reading of PHerc. 1667, the research establishes a method that holds up under independent checks and scales to other rolls.
PHerc. 1667 — read in full
PHerc. 1667 is what survives of a larger roll: earlier attempts to open it by hand — in the nineteenth century, and again in 1969 and the 1980s — destroyed its outer layers and left only the compact inner core, about 8 cm of an original height of 19–24 cm. From that surviving portion we have now recovered and read the text in full— the lower parts of some twenty-two columns, transcribed and reviewed by papyrologists. It is the first time the preserved text of a rolled Herculaneum scroll has been read continuously, end to end, rather than in isolated words or patches.
The recovered text is a philosophical treatise on ethics, and the evidence points to a Stoic work: it turns on human nature, impulse, and the moral progress of human beings, and its final preserved column names Aristocreon — nephew and disciple of the great Stoic Chrysippus — which, together with the language and themes of the text, places it in a Stoic context and dates it to the 2nd century BC.
Because the papyrus is damaged, the readings are fragmentary, with gaps where the surface is lost. Even so, several passages can be read clearly for the first time in two thousand years:
"…we will inquire into something, but we will not grasp it, if in some way we depart from ourselves and from our own nature…"
"Having…strained ourselves to the utmost through research and learning…possessing the same practical wisdom…"
"…such being the goods for us, even from the opposite evils there will be neither anything good — let alone beautiful — nor anything bad — let alone ugly — nor happiness…"
Translated from the Greek; the full column-by-column transcription is in the preprint.
PHerc. Paris 4 — ink made visible by higher resolution
In a second scroll — PHerc. Paris 4, the scroll the Vesuvius Challenge community knows as Scroll 1 — a higher-resolution imaging technique makes the ink directly visible inside the scroll itself, in the three-dimensional X-ray data, for the first time. Segmented in 3D and projected back onto the unwrapped page, that ink matches the text read in the 2023 Grand Prize one-to-one — an independent confirmation, from better data, that the reading is real.
PHerc. 139 — a title, and an author
In a third scroll, PHerc. 139, we recover the scroll's title and author attribution: the work is identified as Philodemus, On Gods, Book 8 — a treatise by the Epicurean philosopher whose works fill so much of this library. Reading the title of a closed scroll tells scholars what a roll contains before a single column of its body is studied.
How it was done
The scans were acquired with high-resolution phase-contrast X-ray microtomography on the BM18 beamline at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble — an instrument able to resolve the wafer-thin, densely packed layers of a Herculaneum roll. The work was carried out in collaboration with the National Library of Naples "Vittorio Emanuele III", which safeguards the Herculaneum papyri. From those volumes, the team reconstructed the scroll's geometry, traced and flattened its surface into a readable sheet, and trained machine-learning models to detect ink that is almost indistinguishable from the carbonized papyrus beneath it. Each reading was then examined and transcribed by papyrologists.
What's next
PHerc. 1667 is one scroll. Hundreds more remain sealed — an entire library of philosophy, poetry and prose waiting to be read for the first time since antiquity. The method shown here is built to scale, and everything needed to apply it is open.
If you want to help read the rest of the library:
The thoughts of the ancient world, sealed in darkness for two millennia, are coming back into the light — a whole scroll at a time.
- Read the science: the preprint (PDF).
- Get the data and code: scrollprize.org/data and GitHub.
- Join the effort: get started and become part of the community reading the scrolls.
Very exciting times. Now that they have the imaging methods and machine learning model figured out they can spend the resources necessary to scan all of the scrolls. We will hopefully uncover some important lost works from antiquity.
